Lightning protection
Lightning is a high-voltage discharge (usually negative) within clouds (intra-), to each other (inter-), or to the earth. The cloud-to-ground (CG) flash is the one we are usually concerned with …
Extending Equipment Service Life
In critical operations, extended plant shutdown is not acceptable unless it is a turnaround. A turnaround (TAR) is a scheduled event wherein an entire process unit of an industrial plant …
Earth-fault Factor – Importance in Equipment Selection
IEC 60071-1 [3.15] defines earth-fault factor k to be at a given location of a three-phase system and for a given system configuration, the ratio of the highest r.m.s phase-to-earth …
IEEE 399 – Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis
IEEE 399 is commonly known as the Brown Book in the Color Book series. The Brown Book supplements the rest of the color book series. Its practical and general treatment …
Tools not provided
Some companies do not always provide you with tools required to complete your task quickly and efficiently. I do not truly understand this company philosophy. Even if they will provide …
System Voltage Classes (ANSI)
In ANSI C84.1-2011, Clause 3, system voltage classes were explained Low Voltage (LV) A class of nominal system voltages 1000 volts or less. Medium Voltage (MV) A class of nominal …