Checking Engineering Calculations
Checking engineering calculations is a critical part of engineering design. Failure or insufficient checking are the reasons there are failures in designs. Always remember that the more calculations you do, …
Determining the required sizes of earthing conductors and earth electrodes
The sizes of earth conductors and earth electrodes are almost always chosen from typical sizes as provided by a particular project standard. If using non-typical sizes can extensively impact the …
The Purpose of Maximum and Minimum Short-circuit Currents
The calculation of maximum and minimum short circuit currents has been discussed in IEC 60909 – Calculation of Maximum and Minimum Short-circuit Currents. What are the significance of these values? …
Circuit Breaker Ratings – A Primer for Protection Engineers
This paper prepared by Bogdan Kasztenny, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc., and Joe Rostron, Southern States, LLC which was presented at the 71st Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers and can …
Lightning Strike Damage and Losses – IEC 62305
IEC 62305 identifies four main sources of damage: S1 Flashes to the structure mechanical damage, fire and/or explosion due to the hot lightning plasma arc, over-heated conductors or melted metal; …
Steel Structure used as Lightning Protection System (LPS)
The design of a Lightning Protection System (LPS) should be technically and economically optimized. Clause 4.2 Design of the LPS in IEC 62305-3 – Protection against lightning Part 3: Physical …