Cool and Efficient White LED Problem – Droop
Tech visionaries have promised us a bright new world where cool and efficient white LEDs, based on blue ones, will replace the wasteful little heaters known as incandescent light bulbs. …
Conductor Stranding – IEEE vs IEC Standards
Note: A conductor size expressed in mm² shall be IEC standard and sizes in AWG or kcmil shall be IEEE standard. I. Introduction Conductors may be either solid or stranded. …
Explosive Atmospheres – ANSI/ISA/UL/NFPA
In late 2009, the International Society of Automation (ISA) and Underwriters Laboratories Incorporated (UL) jointly issued ANSI/ISA 60079-0 Explosive atmospheres – Part 0: Equipment – General Requirements which is a …
Concept Selection or FEED – The Distinction
The Concept Selection stage is not a FEED stage. Looking at the right perspective, Concept Selection is a precursor to FEED. The danger of not having the distinction of these …
IEC 61439-1 Minimum Size for PE, PEN Conductors
Background In 2010, the new standard IEC 61439 series was published to replace the IEC 60439 series. The purpose of the IEC 61439 series of standards is to harmonize as …
Three Elements of Good Engineering Design
Practically, all engineering design problems require three (3) elements to come up with a complete solution. 1. Measurable Elements. These elements can be determined with exactness. Example – material costs, …